「聖戰」(Jihad)在伊斯蘭教中字面上的意思是奮鬥或盡力。在伊斯蘭教中，對於這個詞有著兩種基本的神學理解：「大聖戰」是對抗自我低層次的奮鬥，也就是努力淨化心靈、行善、避免邪惡，並成為更好的人。而「小聖戰」則是一種外在的奮鬥，聖戰代表了一個道德原則，即奮鬥去克服任何阻礙善行的障礙。舉例來說，承擔並養育孩子就是一種外在的聖戰，因為要成功地傳遞和養育孩子必須克服許多障礙。聖戰也可能包括對抗壓迫者和侵略者以及犯下不義之行為的鬥爭。然而，它並不是像十字軍東征一樣的「聖戰」，並且伊斯蘭教允許甚至鼓勵傳教，但禁止強迫皈依。在伊斯蘭傳統中，涉及戰鬥的聖戰需要具備特定的倫理條件，並且有明確的交戰規則，例如保護非戰鬥人員的要求。學者將涉及戰鬥的聖戰與基督教中的「正義戰爭」概念進行了比較。
在過去1400年的許多情境中，涉及「小聖戰」或正義戰爭的詮釋多樣化，這是一個複雜的討論。
很多當代對「聖戰」一詞的誤用可以追溯到蘇聯入侵阿富汗時，無國籍的行動者開始聲稱有權宣布聖戰。在伊斯蘭傳統中，對此主張沒有神學或政治基礎。激進和極端組織恰好利用和誤用了這一詞彙，使其產生了不正確的印象。
結語
「聖戰」(Jihad)在伊斯蘭教中有著多重含義，並且不限於戰爭的意義。它同時代表了個人內心的奮鬥和對抗不義的努力。伊斯蘭教的教義強調正義、道德和對人類福祉的關懷。因此，理解「聖戰」的真正含義是非常重要的，以免對伊斯蘭教產生誤解和偏見。
折疊內容
“Jihad” literally means striving, or doing one’s utmost. Within Islam, there are two basic theological understandings of the word: The “Greater Jihad” is the struggle against the lower self – the struggle to purify one’s heart, do good, avoid evil and make oneself a better person.
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Misunderstood Terms and Practices
14. What does “jihad” mean? Isn’t it a “holy war”?
“Jihad” literally means striving, or doing one’s utmost. Within Islam, there are two basic theological understandings of the word: The “Greater Jihad” is the struggle against the lower self – the struggle to purify one’s heart, do good, avoid evil and make oneself a better person. The “Lesser Jihad” is an outward struggle. Jihad constitutes a moral principle to struggle against any obstacle that stands in the way of the good. Bearing, delivering and raising a child, for example, is an example of outward jihad, because of the many obstacles that must be overcome to deliver and raise the child successfully. Jihad may also involve fighting against oppressors and aggressors who commit injustice. It is not “holy war” in the way a crusade would be considered a holy war, and while Islam allows and even encourages proselytizing, it forbids forced conversion. In Islamic tradition, the form of jihad that involves fighting requires specific ethical conditions under which it is permissible to fight, as well as clear rules of engagement such as the requirement to protect non-combatants. Scholars have compared Jihad that involves fighting to the Christian concept of “just war.”
The variety of interpretations of Lesser Jihad, or just war, over 1400 years in many settings is a complex discussion.
Much of the contemporary misuse of the term “jihad” may be dated to the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, when stateless actors began to claim the right to declare jihad. In Islamic tradition, there is no theological or political basis for this claim. Radical and extremist groups appropriate and mis
Read More: What is jihad in Islam?